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Date: Sun, 24 Dec 2000 14:41:09 -0500
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From: Debbie Minden 
Subject: For whom the bell tolls
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Thought you would be interested in this recent scientific study 
comparing impacts to the head in different high-school sports.  Note 
the very cool measurement technique of implanting accelerometers 
inside the helmet.  While hockey has higher risk than football, 
heading a soccer ball can really knock you out.  Especially if it is 
being done over and over again.
Quote this to your smug soccer friends who feel that wearing helmets 
is "just not a part of our game".
Best wishes for a great holiday,
Debbie Minden and Gary Goldberg

Authors
        Naunheim RS. Standeven J. Richter C. Lewis LM.
Institution
        Injury Prevention Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Washington
        University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
        email@hidden
Title
        Comparison of impact data in hockey, football, and soccer.
Source
        Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care. 
48(5):938-41, 2000 May.
Abstract
        PURPOSE: To compare accelerational forces to the head in high 
school-level football, hockey, and soccer athletes. METHODS: 
Acceleration of
        impact was measured within the helmet of high school hockey 
and football players during actual game play. A triaxial 
accelerometer was placed at
        the vertex of the helmet immediately adjacent to the players 
head. Peak acceleration (in g's) was measured and the Gadd Severity 
Index and Head
        Injury Criterion score calculated during actual play periods 
in several games over four seasons. We also recorded acceleration of 
head impacts in
        high school-level soccer players who headed a soccer ball 
while equipped with a football helmet instrumented identically to the 
helmet used to record
        during football games. RESULTS: Peak accelerations inside the 
helmet for football averaged 29.2 g compared with 35 g for hockey (p 
= .004).
        There were no incidents of concussion or other traumatic brain 
injury during the recorded periods. In contrast, the peak 
accelerations associated with
        heading a soccer ball was 54.7 g (p = 2 x 10(-5) vs. hockey). 
CONCLUSION: Peak accelerations as measured at the surface of the head 
were 160
        to 180% greater from heading a soccer ball than from routine 
(noninjurious) impacts during hockey or football, respectively. The 
effect of cumulative
        impacts at this level may lead to neurologic sequelae.